The Four Paradigms Of The Four Major Paradigms Of Psychology

Cultural-Contextual Literacy Assignment Zanyah Brown Sampson Community College Mrs. Arnette’s Psychology Class Fall 2017 Cultural-Contextual Literacy Assignment In this assignment, the four major paradigms of psychology are discussed. The reasoning behind the placement of the theories will be discussed thoroughly and efficiently. Each of the theories was placed on a spectrum that measured whether they were more influenced by heredity or environment. Some, as many can see, can fit into both sides of the spectrum. There are many factors that are involved in the process, and each are important variables in personality and the evolution of humanity. Four Paradigms of Psychology†¦show more content†¦Under the circumstances, there are still substantial ways that psycho-analytic theories play an important part of the nature perspective. It contains human’s emotional, developmental, defensive, and unconscious goals and processes. Social-Cognitive. Social cognitive theory was developed by Albert Bandura (1986, 2012) and other psychologists. Social cognitive theory traditionally focuses more on learning by observation and on the cognitive processes that underlie personalities (Rathus, 2015). Additionally, social cognitive theorists see people influencing their environment as much as it influences them (Rathus, 2015). They also affirm that â€Å"variables† within people are to be considered to understand them. These can include knowledge and skills, ways of interpreting experiences, and systems and plans (Bandura, 2012). This theory focuses mainly on variables and observational learning of human behavior. Furthermore, this theory was placed third on the spectrum because of its relevance to both nature, and nurture perspectives. Behavioral. Behaviorism is the scientific approach to psychology that is distinguished by logical-theoretical emphasis as is seeks to develop reasons for behavior (Moore, 2013). The theory of Behaviorism was developed by John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner. Uniquely, this theory states that personality is plastic and can be shaped by the environment or situational influences. Another difference from previous thoughts isShow MoreRelatedConstructivism : A Cognitive Learning Theory1151 Words   |  5 Pages Constructivism: A Cognitive Learning Theory Erica Johnson Lourdes University â€Æ' Constructivism: A Cognitive Learning Theory According to Kivunja (2014), â€Å"a learning paradigm is a conceptual model that represents understanding of relationships involved in the learning process† (p.82). Cognitive learning theories were developed from the work of Gestalt psychologists during the early 1900’s (Billings Halstead, 2012). 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The United States Corrections System - 990 Words

The United States corrections system is organized distinctive structures that retain certain similarities with the Chinese prisons system. However there remain significant points of departure such as the prevalence of privately run correctional facilities in the United States. This differs greatly from the Chinese system of corrections which relies solely on government-operated public prisons whereby the state does not seek profit as is the case with private prisons (Shen, 2015). The American justice system in line with most Western correctional practices place emphasis on the skill development of the individual who has been incarcerated through the provision of vocational programs that are meant to develop the competencies of the inmate once released or within the prison environment (Seymour Anderson, 2015). Essentially these programs were developed to achieve certain ends which included the creation of an alternative revenue source for the prison as well as provide inmates with remuneration for services rendered. In contrast the Chinese system of corrections places no emphasis on direct material benefits to the prison or the inmate albeit concentrating on the enhancement of the skills of the inmate thereby limiting potential returns for the prison. Additionally significant differences are witnessed on the emphasis placed on faith between the Chinese and American correctional systems. The United States prison system provides greater opportunity for inmates to exerciseShow MoreRelatedCommunity Corrections810 Words   |  4 PagesCommunity Corrections CJS/230 July 24th, 2011 Community Corrections In this paper, we will be discussing how community corrections affect society. 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Federal Government Criminal Justice System The United States federal government is made up of three branches, which all serve different purpose but are equal in power to ensure a system of checks and balances. Just like the federal government has a separation of powers and different components, the United States criminal

Commercial and Corporate Law Structures

Question: Discuss about the Commercial and Corporate Law Structures. Answer: Introduction There are three structures in any business organization. They include; the sole proprietorship structure, partnership business model and a limited liability company as enshrined in the law. Peter and Susan want to start PPM services under one of the three guises whichever is fair to the operation of the business and sustainability of their family assets (Chasalow, 2010). Peter can start a sole proprietorship structure where he owns one hundred percent business ownership individually. He is fully entitled to all profits and losses that the business incurs. Advantages of a sole proprietorship It is the most simple form of any structure in business and set up. The following are the advantages; It is easy and economical way: A sole proprietor is the structure simpler and less expensive to set up businesses. The costs are minimal, and legal costs are limited to licensing and permits. Unlimited business control- Since you are the owner of the business, you have ultimate control over every decision in business. You will be not required to seek consultations with anyone else when you make decisions or want to make business changes (Copeland, Koller and Murrin, 2000). Easy taxation- a sole proprietorship business is not taxed separately, so it is easy to meet the reporting requirements imposed for a single owner. There are also lower taxation in business structures. Constitution of a sole proprietorship There are no formal actions to business setup in a sole proprietorship. Whenever you are the sole business owner, this condition instantly comes from its activities in a sole proprietorship business. In fact, you may already have the constitution in the business without recognizing it. Like any other business, a sole trader needs to obtain necessary permits and licenses to operate. Regulations will vary by industry, status and location. Tool Use Licenses and permits (in English) to find a list of permits, licenses and federal, state and local records you need to operate a business. Companies The cost depends on the Authorized Share Capital. To get this information you can enter the requirements (Georgas, 2003) Characteristics of a registered company Generalities Is a necessity that this issue has generalities, in order to understand the importance of understanding the elements of the company. It is convenient at this venue studying the elements of the company, which are: labor, capital and management need. Work The work is the first element of the company, which we refer to below. The same is the element of the company that is composed of all the workers who can be employed and workers, for example is a worker concierge, an assistant, a secretary, a caretaker, among others. Administration The administration is the element of the company that is formed by managers of the company, which may be directors, managers, sub managers, among others. The administration is separated from the right of ownership of the company with more notoriety in corporate capital or large companies or immortals. Capital The capital is the element of the company that is composed of the investment in the company. That is, capital is the set of inputs that may be-cash or non-cash, registrable or not registrable, registered or unregistered (Limited liability companies, 2013). This element is easy to distinguish, however, in some cases implementation problems are presented by people who have no domain of business law, such as embargos present the company can be seized or assets of the company. Need For that to succeed a company are not enough these elements, but there must be a need for goods or services provided by it, and consequently in many cases the market is segmented in order to be able to lead the good or service provided by the company, to determine before investing whether or not there is sufficient need for good or service and avoid the failure of the company. Disadvantage of the Corporation The corporation is quite established in our state and around the world therefore it should be studied in order to review its disadvantages, an issue that has not been studied by the writers. The disadvantage of the corporation is to be legalized minute books fraudulently by people outside the company and result in such a way that the control thereof is varied and consequently many problems to the company and shareholders incurred. This disadvantage is not commercial limited liability company and consequently the corresponding effect of approving the relevant legislative reform study is needed. Faced with this problem some public registrars take the precaution of adding seats in the registration of legal persons book number and the name of the notary public legalizing the book. That is, the position of public registrar warrants a lot of responsibility and care in order to provide the necessary security that is sorely lacking in the Peruvian law (Mancuso, 2004). Another disadvantage of this type of company is that the share register can be changed and in this order of ideas not control the record is clear that is out of control. These two themes of the corporation have not been worked by the writers. Peter should register a company together with Susan in order to safeguard their family assets from any incurring liability. Advantages of a company rather than sole proprietorship and partnership The limited liability company is a business model that is proven and successful. Business owners have all the company shares allocated privately. Shareholders can operate the business by themselves, or hire managers to manage the company in proxy form. The formation of a limited liability company produces a protection of individual or personal property, access to resources more, greater tax cuts and financial assistance. Limited liability The greatest benefit of limited liability company is the limited liability aspect it has. These companies have the ability to manage their own properties making them single entities that also manage their own debts Tax advantages The LLCs enjoy tax advantages besides limited liability. These business companies pay corporation tax on their taxable profits and are likely to be exempted from excessive rates of income tax. The formation of a company rather than continue as an individual company or an individual entrepreneur opens avenues to more tax-deductible expense and reimbursable allocations under benefits. Finance and resources With adequate funding,a company can produce goods at a lower cost, increasing profits and customer satisfaction. Moreover, the future of the company becomes safer. The financial reports of limited liability companies "tend to hold more funds in the company to meet future financial commitments, which helps a growth" compared to self-employed entrepreneurs. Business Continuity The LLCs enjoy permanent succession because the company is a separate legal entity. Shareholders and employees acting "as agents of the company," he writes, Tutor2u and therefore does not affect the company if they leave. In case of death or resignation, the articles of association of the company allocated quotas to the remaining members. The business interruption only occurs through liquidation or similar means. A succession guaranteed benefits not only members but also ensures jobs and community resources Partnership This is where peter introduces his wife susan and his friend jack to open a business and profits and losses are allotted according to the percentage owned by individual partners. Partnership is better than a sole proprietorship business since it allows distribution of risks. How can peter arrange for jack and others to join the business One of the most important operations the life of a Startup is obtaining financing. We have already discussed earlier in this blog about the Participative Loan as a form of financing, however, in this article we will develop the formalities to be fulfilled to carry out a capital increase as a result of receiving funding. The capital of a company is governed by its bylaws, which is where has much is the capital of the same, and where the number of units in which is divided and the nominal value of each specified. Amendment of Bylaws For practical purposes, in this article we focus on the case of a capital increase for a limited company, which must be agreed and approved by the General Meeting of Members, with the relevant majorities for a change in the bylaws (Unsworth, 2001). The capital increase may be executed in two ways: -through the creation of new shares; or -By Rise in the value of existing shares, with the consent of all partners. Here we will focus on the first mode, as talk about the event that is input to a new investment partner. The answer to this question is that in reality does not happen a loss of most social capital as the capital increase is made with premium account. What is a premium? It is the premium that the investor pays the nominal value of the share. To follow the thread of this topic, we pause to define two basic concepts to understand the operation of capital, which are the Pre-money valuation and Post-money valuation.Pre-money valuation is the valuation that has been given to the company by its activity in the market since its establishment, prior to receipt of investment and this assessment is independent of the share capital of the company. The Post-money valuation is the valuation given to the company subsequent to the contribution of investment. Then we will have a drill capital following the above concepts: The corporate capital operation, may become more complex in the case study that we discussed earlier, so our recommendation is to seek legal advice according to business needs and objectives pursued by the parties. Protection of personal assets The question is: who should protect our personal property: housing, house, apartment, land, vehicles, bank accounts, stocks in companies or others? The answer focuses on prevention against creditors. According to the practice, it is not advisable to have property (movable or immovable) in a personal capacity, that is, on their own behalf. Why? The reason is that the assets of the person liable for the debts of this. So when someone becomes a debtor of another, called creditor, this can seize the assets of one to exact what you owe him (Unsworth, 2001). Hence, in simple language is heard: "they left him on the street, they seized for debt." To avoid contingencies generated by the situation described (potential creditors), the solution is to protect our assets and have incurred. How this task runs? Many legal mechanisms provided for it. But all are based on a common denominator, and is the fulfillment of the essential requirement to honor and pay outstanding debts. To put to use the technique Cover your Patrimonial, you cannot have debts to pay. Only once this debt is extinguished that may be referred to the protection of property. Conclusion Though there are different forms of business, the best Peter can do is create a company rather than a partnership or a sole proprietorship to safeguard his assets and also to recruit Susan his wife and Jack his friend (Unsworth, 2001). A limited liability company has more advantage than both the sole proprietor and partnership businesses as they are their own legal persons different from the individuals. References Chasalow, M. (2010).Acing business associations. St. Paul, MN: West. Copeland, T., Koller, T. and Murrin, J. (2000).Valuation. New York: John Wiley. Fineman, S. (2000).The business of greening. London: Routledge. Georgas, M. (2003).Incorporation and business guide for Ontario. North Vancouver, B.C.: Self-Counsel Press. Gibbs, J. (n.d.).Companies. Klein, W., Ramseyer, J. and Bainbridge, S. (2009).Business associations. New York, NY: Foundation Press. Limited liability companies. (2013). Eau Claire, Wis.: NBI, National Business Institute. LLC, LP, corporation, general, or sole proprietorship?. (n.d.). . Mancuso, A. (2004).Incorporate your business. Berkeley, CA: Nolo. McCaffrey, A. and Ball, M. (1992).PartnerShip. Riverdale, NY: Baen Pub. Enterprises. Spadaccini, M. (2004).Entrepreneur magazine's ultimate book of business forms. [Irvine, CA]: Entrepreneur Press. Streeck, W. (2006).Governing interests. London: Routledge. Unsworth, B. (2001).The partnership. New York: W.W. Norton.

Ways and Means of Motivating the Workforce

Introduction Employee motivation is by far the hardest task. The realization of this fact compels every manager to look for ways and means of motivating the workforce. This is because efforts and individual motivations play an important role in the success of an organization (Adeniyi 201). At grapevine, each level has key personnel in it.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Ways and Means of Motivating the Workforce specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These include, the General manager in the top management level, Chef who is the supervisor in the kitchen department, and a supervisor who oversees the frontline affairs and is in charge of the waiters, hostess, and the table cleaners. Characteristics for each position – Figure A. : The Organizational structure For the top management, a person willing to fill the position of the General manager must have a college degree preferable in the field of food processing . He/she must also possess a managerial course certification. He must also be intrinsically motivated since he will be required to be the vision bearer of the organization. The general manager must also possess personal skills such as conflict resolution ability and optimistic attitude. The Chef must have strong leadership skills, open to criticism, and have attention to detail. The chef is expected to be the leader in the backline operations and also act as an advisor to the manager and so he also needs to have prior experience as a chef. The waiter, and the hostess must be friendly, fast and accurate, responsible have knowledge of the restaurants products, and be able to work under pressure. Recruitment – Figure B. : Recruitment sources While looking to recruit for positions, there are several places where advertisement will be posted. These include the newspaper, in the internet specifically at Craig-list and career builder, and campus flyers where noticed will be posted. Motivation of the recruited staff Motivation has been a major challenge in any organization. There are several attestations from the different school of thoughts that indicate the reasons as to why people behave the way they do. They therefore, provide an insight on what ought to be done in order to influence the behavior of the employees and thus, have an effect on their motivation. One best way of motivating the employees is through financial rewards (Lusser 78). As such, the compensation scheme of the restaurant will be equitable. There will also be monetary rewards on bonus schemes for the periods where the restaurant’s sales exceed the targets. In so doing the employees will be compelled to give out the best in their productivity so that in the end, higher profits will be realized.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The general manager will be required to have a personal stake in the business. This will bridge the agency-principal conflict that arises between the shareholders and the management. It will also help the general manager to carry out his duties and run the restaurant as if it were his. This is a strong motivational point to the top management since it will inspire the general manager to work extra hard. The chef will be allowed the freedom to interact with the customers. This will create a sense of responsibility on him. Besides, he will be able to get first hand feedback from the customers and thus take it as a personal challenge to have a continuous improvement approach to his work. A collective tipping system will also be incorporated where all the waiters will be required to equally share the tips. This will enhance teamwork and create a cooperative environment during work. The restaurant plans to engage in social orientation activities such as free dietary advises to the community around. The staff will also engage in stree ts cleaning exercises on regular basis. Motivation challenges There are several challenges that arise from the motivation strategies for the restaurant. The employees may be sold out to earning more and in effect, forget other activities that may not necessarily earn them an extra buck. This can cause the operations of the restaurant to cripple if everyone sticks to their job description. This may also create an enmity among the employees if a case of inequality in appraisal arises. To avoid these challenges, the management will come up with a balanced scorecard that will be used as an objective appraisal tool. In doing so, the employees will view the appraisal as objective and therefore, eradicate any possibility of subjective appraisal methods. There are several equity theories of motivation that seek to explain the behaviors of individuals. One such theory is the hertzberg hygiene theory (Adeniyi 118). This theory states that there are two factors that determine the employeesâ₠¬â„¢ motivation. These are the hygiene factors and the motivators. An organization ought to make sure that the working conditions have less hygiene and more motivator factors. This theory will be applied by the Grapevine restaurant to motivate the employees. The management will ensure that all negative factors that act as hygiene factors are eliminated and motivator factors promoted. This is a sure way of having a highly motivated workforce. The restaurant will also have an equitable approach to work motivation such that the employees and predict the consequences of their actions with a high degree of accuracy. In so doing, the employees will be able to make the most preferred decisions so that they cannot only avoid punishment, but also work towards positive appraisal.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Ways and Means of Motivating the Workforce specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Works Cited Adeniyi, M. A. Effect ive leadership management: An intergration of styles, skills character for today’s CEOs. Bloomington: AuthorHouse, 2007. Print. Lusser, R. N. Leasership: Theory, application, and skill dvelopment. Sydney: Cengage Learning, 2010. Print. This proposal on Ways and Means of Motivating the Workforce was written and submitted by user Moises R. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.